Heavy Crude Oils: From Geology to Upgrading : an OverviewEditions TECHNIP, 2011 - 442 pages Heavy oils, extra-heavy oils and tar sands are major players for the future of energy.They represent a massive world resource, at least the size of conventional oils. They are found all over the world but Canada and Venezuela together account, by themselves, for more than half of world deposits. They share the same origin as the lighter conventional oils, but their geological fate drove them into thick, viscous tar-like crude oils. Most of them result from alteration processes mediated by microbial degradation. They are characterized by a low content of lighter cuts and a high content of impurities such as sulfur and nitrogen compounds and metals ; so, their production is difficult and deployment of specific processes is required in order to enhance their transportability and to upgrade them into valuable products meeting market needs, and honouring environmental requirements.Although these resources are increasingly becoming commercially producible, less than 1% of total heavy crude oil deposits worldwide are under active development. The voluntarily wide scope of this volume encompasses geology, production, transportation, upgrading, economics and environmental issues of heavy oils. It does not pretend to be exhaustive, but to provide an authoritative view of this very important energy resource. |
Table des matières
Extraheavy | 215 |
PART 4 | 225 |
Unconventional Geographical Distribution | 228 |
Chapter 15 | 231 |
Chapter 16 | 257 |
A Quignard S Kressmann | 279 |
Chapter 18 | 295 |
PART 5 | 333 |
4 | 81 |
3 | 88 |
Cold Production | 93 |
1 | 96 |
Chapter 8 | 115 |
2 | 117 |
Pumping Systems | 143 |
Chapter 10 | 155 |
PART 3 | 189 |
Chapter 12 | 199 |
Economic and Energy Stakes | 209 |
Upgrading | 349 |
Chapter 21 | 357 |
Chapter 22 | 369 |
Challenges | 381 |
In Situ Upgrading of Heavy Oil and Bitumen | 387 |
Chapter 24 | 403 |
Conclusion | 425 |
Glossary | 433 |
Nomenclature | 441 |
Autres éditions - Tout afficher
Heavy Crude Oils: From Geology to Upgrading : an Overview Alain-Yves Huc Aucun aperçu disponible - 2011 |
Expressions et termes fréquents
Alberta API gravity Argillier aromatic asphalt asphaltenes Athabasca basin billion biodegradation bitumen bopd Canada carbon catalyst chemical CO2 emissions coke Cold Lake combustion cracking cyclic steam de-asphalting decrease deposits diluent distillate downhole ebullated bed efficiency emulsion energy extra-heavy crude extra-heavy oils feed feedstock Figure fixed bed flow rate fluid fluvial formation fraction fuel gravity heat heavy crude oils heavy oil Heavy Oil Production Hénaut horizontal hydrocarbons hydrogen hydrotreatment increase Mannville metals molecular weight molecules naphtha natural gas nitrogen oil reservoirs oil sands oil viscosity OOIP operating Orinoco Belt parameters PDVSA permeability Petroleum phase pipeline porosity pressure projects pump ratio reactions reactor reduce refinery resins SAGD solvent steam injection steamflood structure sulfur surface Syncrude synthetic crude tar sands techniques temperature thermal tion transport upgrading vacuum residue Venezuela vertical Visbreaking viscosity zone Zuata